REAL HUMAN SKULL DAVID HOWARD TRIBAL ART REAL HUMAN SKULL

Traditional Asmat male initiation rites dictate each initiate is
given a decapitated head so as to absorb the power of the
deceased warrior from whom the head belonged.

Asmat myths are concerned with their head-hunting tradition. According to one of their most popular myths; two brothers, who were the original inhabitants of Asmat agreed; the younger brother would cut off the older brother's head. That decapitated head then instructed the younger brother in the fine art of headhunting, which included the use of additional decapitated heads for initiation rituals of younger males.

The Asmat practice a native religion involving spirit worship and fear of ghosts of the dead. They believed that most deaths are deliberately caused by evil forces. The ancestral spirits are said to demand that wrongful deaths be avenged by killing and decapitating an enemy.
The enemy's body is offered to the community for
cannibalistic consumption.

Located in southwestern New Guinea, the Asmat live along the vast system of rivers that flow into the Arafura Sea. With an estimated population of 70,000, the Asmat are divided into several hundred villages
ranging in size from 35 to 2,000 inhabitants.

The first apparent sighting of the Asmat people by explorers was from
the deck of a ship led by a Dutch trader, Jan Carstensz in the year 1623.
Captain James Cook and his crew were the first to actually land in Asmat
on September 3, 1770 (near what is now the village of Pirimapun).
According to the journals of Captain Cook, a small party from the
HM Bark Endeavor encountered a group of Asmat warriors;
sensing a threat, the explorers quickly retreated.

The Asmat are an Indonesian cannibalistic tribe on the island;
Papua. Known to use human skulls under their heads for pillows,
they also have been reported to eat human brains mixed with sago
worms straight from halved human skulls. The Asmat live in
mangrove vegetation near the sea and rivers, on the south side
of the western part of New Guinea. The Asmat, in addition to hunting
for skulls, also worshipped them. Ancestor skulls are stripped of
brains and eyes! Nasal passages are closed to prevent evil spirits
from entering or exit the body. Asmat decorated skulls
are displayed in sacred places inside Asmat domiciles.

Asmat art, most noticeably elaborate, stylized wood carving,
is designed to honor ancestors. Many Asmat artifacts have been
collected by the world's museums, among the most notable of which
are those found in the Michael C. Rockefeller Collection at the
Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City and the Tropen Museum
in Amsterdam. One of the most comprehensive collections of Asmat Art
can be found in the American Museum of Asmat Art at the
University of Saint Thomas in St. Paul, Minnesota.

Until the 1950s, their remote and harsh location isolated the Asmat
from other peoples. It was not until the mid-20th century that they
came into regular contact with outsiders. The Asmat were documented
headhunters and cannibals, and as a consequence were left
largely undisturbed until the mid-20th century.

Traditionally, many Asmat men practiced polygamy by marrying
more than one woman. In many cases, men were expected to marry
a male relative's wife when that relative dies (otherwise the woman and her
children would be left without a source of protection or economic support).
Many Asmat men had long-term ritual sexual/friendship relationships with
other men, although the prevalence of this practice has been disputed by
others. In the mbai system, male partners were also known to share
their wives in a practice called papitsj.

The natural environment has been a major factor affecting the Asmat,
as their culture and way of life are heavily dependent on the rich natural resources found in their
forests, rivers, and seas. The Asmat mainly subsist on starch from the sago palm
(Metroxylon sagu), fish, forest game, and other items gathered from their forests and waters.
Materials for canoes, dwellings, and woodcarvings are also all gathered locally,
and thus their culture and biodiversity are intertwined. Due to the daily flooding which occurs
in many parts of their land, Asmat dwellings have typically been built two or more meters
above the ground, raised on wooden posts. In some inland regions, the Asmat have lived in
tree houses, sometimes as high as 25 meters from the ground. The Asmat have traditionally placed
great emphasis on the veneration of ancestors, particularly those who were accomplished warriors.
Asmat art, most noticeably elaborate, stylized wood carving, is designed to honour ancestors.
Many Asmat artifacts have been collected by the world's museums, among the most notable of
which are those found in the Michael C. Rockefeller Collection at the Metropolitan Museum
of Art in New York City and the Tropenmuseum in Amsterdam.

ANCESTOR SKULLS ARE COLLECTED AND VENERATED TO REMEMBER
DECEASED FAMILY MEMBERS. THE IFUGAO COLLECT BONES OF DEAD
RELATIVES; WRAP THEM IN TRIBAL TEXTILES, AND STORE THEM IN THE
RAFTERS UNDER THEIR HUTS. HUMAN SKULLS AND SKULL CAPS FROM
NEPAL ARE RITUAL OFFERTORY VESSELS THAT ARE USED AS
DRINKING CUPS IN TIBETAN BUDDHIST CEREMONIES.

THE ASMAT TRIBE ATTACH
FEATHERS, SEEDS, AND CARVED SEA SHELL NOSE RINGS
TO THEIR DECEASED ANCESTOR'S SKULLS.